Exploring the Influence of Tartrazine, Betanin and Curcumin on Gene Expression of DNA Methyltransferase and Histone Deacetylase Enzymes in vivo and in vitro models

Abstract

Color additives have been integral to food production for millennia, with synthetic options favored for their stability and cost-effectiveness. However, concerns over their biological impact are growing, particularly regarding azo dyes like Tartrazine, known for their vivid colors. Research has demonstrated Tartrazine's negative effects on key enzymes involved in epigenetic regulation, prompting investigations into its potential toxicity. The study's objectives encompass exploring the impact of Tartrazine on gene expression regulation, particularly focusing on DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). It aims to ascertain the minimum concentration of mono-azo dye food colorants that elevate levels of HDACs and DNMTs mRNA while contrasting their effects with natural dyes. Furthermore, it seeks to analyze the expression patterns of these genes and their methylation status in response to Tartrazine across various human cell lines.

In vivo experiments on mice revealed Tartrazine's influence on epigenetic enzymes in organs like the liver, kidneys, lungs, and spleen, suggesting potential health risks even at acceptable daily intake levels. Similarly, in vitro studies demonstrated Tartrazine's ability to increase DNMT and HDAC gene expression across human cell lines, with dose-dependent effects observed.

Betanin and curcumin were investigated for their chemoprotective effects against UV-induced damage. Betanin showed promise in downregulating DNMT and HDAC genes, highlighting its potential as a photoprotective agent. On the other hand, Curcumin demonstrated a dose-dependent ability to counteract UV-induced gene expression changes across different cell lines, suggesting its potential as a chemopreventive agent.

The study underscores the importance of understanding the biological impact of food additives like Tartrazine and the potential of natural compounds like betanin and curcumin in mitigating their adverse effects. It emphasizes the need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects and explore their translational potential in clinical settings.

In summary, the research sheds light on the complex interplay between dietary components, epigenetic regulation, and health outcomes, offering insights into potential strategies for improving public health and well-being. However, translating these findings into practical applications requires addressing challenges such as dosage optimization and solubility issues, paving the way for future investigations into safer and more effective food additives and chemopreventive agents.